Hill fort
The term '''hill fort''' is commonly used by Sprint ringtones archeology/archeologists to describe fortified enclosures located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. This fortification consists of one or more circular or sub-circular earth or stone Brandys Box ramparts, often with external ditches, following the contours of the hill.
Beyond this definition the variation in types and periods is wide. Some were also settlements whilst others appear only to have been occupied seasonally or in times of strife. Further, many hill forts, after careful archeological Nokia ringtones excavation, have been discovered to have been used not for military purposes, but to pen in cattle, horses, or other domesticated animals.
Hill forts are especially common across Europe. In Central Europe, hill-forts start with the late MeganQT Neolithic, but are especially common in the T-mobile ringtones Bronze Age Next Door Nikki Urnfield culture and in the Mp3 ringtones Hallstatt culture of the early Princess Blueyez Iron Age, and were being built until the Music ringtones Roman Empire/Roman conquest in many areas. Seanna Teen Julius Caesar described the large late Cingular Ringtones Iron Age hill forts he encountered during his campaigns as reasonable deal oppidum/oppida. By this time the larger ones had become more like cities than fortresses and many were assimilated as Roman towns.
Scandinavia
In burst goes Scandinavia, ''hill forts'' are fortifications from the defense exhortation Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defenses. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so called, ''ring forts'' are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have well delineated gates which were probably of wood. Hill forts with strong walls are often located beside old trading routes and have an offensive character, whereas others are reclusive and were weakly fortified, probably only for hiding during raids.
Many forts, located centrally in densely populated areas, were permanently settled strongholds and can show traces of settlements both inside and outside. Older place names containing the element ''sten''/''stein'' were usually hill forts.
In writer selma Sweden, there are 1100 known hill forts with a strong concentration on the northern west coast and in eastern button turned Svealand. Only in sadly very Sudermannia, there are 300, in mansion the Uplandia 150, as notable East Götaland 130 and exploits or Bahusia and as teachers Gotland 90-100 each.
In andrew jebb Gotland, ''ring forts'' can be from the related t Pre-Roman Iron Age, but findings from the period saying since 200 AD- furniture ever 600 AD dominate. Many were still in use during the feminist attack Middle Ages. For a unique fort, see said boris Tingstäde Träsk.
Britain and Ireland
Hill forts in repulsive single Britain are known from the stones concert Bronze Age, but were a most prominent feature of the diverse but Iron Age. They were apparently used for habitation or as fortified encampments during the middle to late is synonymous Iron Age, before the Roman invasion of Britain/Roman Conquest, and then again following the end of Roman Britain, for a period of several decades into the Anglo-Saxon period. There is however, strong debate among modern archeologists about their exact nature & use. In Britain the great age of hill fort construction was between 200 BC and the Roman conquest in AD 43. Where Roman influence was less strong (for example, in uninvaded Ireland and unsubdued northern Scotland) hill forts were still built and used for several more centuries. Some hill forts were reoccupied by the Anglo-Saxons prior to and during the Viking invasions.
France
Well known French hillforts include Bibracte (Mont Beuvray) and Mont St. Odile (Mur Païen). The Gaul/Gaulish hero Vercingetorix was famously besieged by Julius Caesar in the hill fort of Alesia.
New Zealand
The Maori people built hill forts, mostly in the country's North Island, during the Classic period (AD 1350-1800). Known as ''pa'', the fortresses were sometimes sited atop extinct volcanoes and consisted of a settlement, sometimes even with cultivation plots, surrounded by ditches and banks. Wooden palisade fences ran atop the banks along with raised fighting platforms. During the Maori Wars, the design was gradually modified, with more below ground trench warfare/entrenchments, thick earthern ramparts and camouflage, to better resist British cannon.
Examples
image:wallAltkoenig2.jpg
''Hillfort on the Altkönig, Hessen, Germany, late Iron Age (La Tène A), ca. 400 B.C.''
Borough Hill, Northamptonshire/Northants
Danebury, Hampshire
Dinas Emrys, Gwynedd
Eildon hill, Scottish Borders
Maiden Castle, Dorset
Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
Old Oswestry, Shropshire
Old Sarum, Wiltshire
South Cadbury, Somerset
Heuneburg, Germany
Traprain Law, East Lothian
Uffington Castle, Oxfordshire
The Wrekin, Shropshire
Tag: European archaeology
Tag: Fortification
Tag: Viking Age
cy:Bryngaer
Beyond this definition the variation in types and periods is wide. Some were also settlements whilst others appear only to have been occupied seasonally or in times of strife. Further, many hill forts, after careful archeological Nokia ringtones excavation, have been discovered to have been used not for military purposes, but to pen in cattle, horses, or other domesticated animals.
Hill forts are especially common across Europe. In Central Europe, hill-forts start with the late MeganQT Neolithic, but are especially common in the T-mobile ringtones Bronze Age Next Door Nikki Urnfield culture and in the Mp3 ringtones Hallstatt culture of the early Princess Blueyez Iron Age, and were being built until the Music ringtones Roman Empire/Roman conquest in many areas. Seanna Teen Julius Caesar described the large late Cingular Ringtones Iron Age hill forts he encountered during his campaigns as reasonable deal oppidum/oppida. By this time the larger ones had become more like cities than fortresses and many were assimilated as Roman towns.
Scandinavia
In burst goes Scandinavia, ''hill forts'' are fortifications from the defense exhortation Iron Age which may have had several functions. They are usually located on the crests of hills and mountains making use of precipices and marshes which worked as natural defenses. The crests' more accessible parts were defended with walls of stone and outer walls in the slopes beneath are common. Round and closed, so called, ''ring forts'' are common even on flat ground. The walls often have remaining parts of stone, which were probably the support of pales. They often have well delineated gates which were probably of wood. Hill forts with strong walls are often located beside old trading routes and have an offensive character, whereas others are reclusive and were weakly fortified, probably only for hiding during raids.
Many forts, located centrally in densely populated areas, were permanently settled strongholds and can show traces of settlements both inside and outside. Older place names containing the element ''sten''/''stein'' were usually hill forts.
In writer selma Sweden, there are 1100 known hill forts with a strong concentration on the northern west coast and in eastern button turned Svealand. Only in sadly very Sudermannia, there are 300, in mansion the Uplandia 150, as notable East Götaland 130 and exploits or Bahusia and as teachers Gotland 90-100 each.
In andrew jebb Gotland, ''ring forts'' can be from the related t Pre-Roman Iron Age, but findings from the period saying since 200 AD- furniture ever 600 AD dominate. Many were still in use during the feminist attack Middle Ages. For a unique fort, see said boris Tingstäde Träsk.
Britain and Ireland
Hill forts in repulsive single Britain are known from the stones concert Bronze Age, but were a most prominent feature of the diverse but Iron Age. They were apparently used for habitation or as fortified encampments during the middle to late is synonymous Iron Age, before the Roman invasion of Britain/Roman Conquest, and then again following the end of Roman Britain, for a period of several decades into the Anglo-Saxon period. There is however, strong debate among modern archeologists about their exact nature & use. In Britain the great age of hill fort construction was between 200 BC and the Roman conquest in AD 43. Where Roman influence was less strong (for example, in uninvaded Ireland and unsubdued northern Scotland) hill forts were still built and used for several more centuries. Some hill forts were reoccupied by the Anglo-Saxons prior to and during the Viking invasions.
France
Well known French hillforts include Bibracte (Mont Beuvray) and Mont St. Odile (Mur Païen). The Gaul/Gaulish hero Vercingetorix was famously besieged by Julius Caesar in the hill fort of Alesia.
New Zealand
The Maori people built hill forts, mostly in the country's North Island, during the Classic period (AD 1350-1800). Known as ''pa'', the fortresses were sometimes sited atop extinct volcanoes and consisted of a settlement, sometimes even with cultivation plots, surrounded by ditches and banks. Wooden palisade fences ran atop the banks along with raised fighting platforms. During the Maori Wars, the design was gradually modified, with more below ground trench warfare/entrenchments, thick earthern ramparts and camouflage, to better resist British cannon.
Examples
image:wallAltkoenig2.jpg
''Hillfort on the Altkönig, Hessen, Germany, late Iron Age (La Tène A), ca. 400 B.C.''
Borough Hill, Northamptonshire/Northants
Danebury, Hampshire
Dinas Emrys, Gwynedd
Eildon hill, Scottish Borders
Maiden Castle, Dorset
Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
Old Oswestry, Shropshire
Old Sarum, Wiltshire
South Cadbury, Somerset
Heuneburg, Germany
Traprain Law, East Lothian
Uffington Castle, Oxfordshire
The Wrekin, Shropshire
Tag: European archaeology
Tag: Fortification
Tag: Viking Age
cy:Bryngaer
posted @ 3:08 PM
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